IPV4 Vs IPV6 And The Differences ...

Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4

1. Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.
2. IPSec support is optional.
3. IPv4 header does not identify packet flow for QoS handling by routers.
4. Both routers and the sending host fragment packets.
5. Header includes a checksum.
6. Header includes options.
7. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) uses broadcast ARP Request frames to resolve an IP address to a link-layer address.
8. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages membership in local subnet groups.
9. ICMP Router Discovery is used to determine the IPv4 address of the best default gateway, and it is optional.
10. Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to all nodes on a subnet.
11. Must be configured either manually or through DHCP.
12. Uses host address (A) resource records in Domain Name System (DNS) to map host names to IPv4 addresses.
13. Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IN-ADDR.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv4 addresses to host names.
14. Must support a 576-byte packet size (possibly fragmented).
    

IPv6

1. Source and destination addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length.
2. IPSec support is required.
3. IPv6 header contains Flow Label field, which identifies packet flow for QoS handling by router.
4. Only the sending host fragments packets; routers do not.
5. Header does not include a checksum.
6. All optional data is moved to IPv6 extension headers.
7. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages resolve IP addresses to link-layer addresses.
8. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages manage membership in local subnet groups.
9. ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages are used to determine the IP address of the best default gateway, and they are required.
10. IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address.
11. Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.
12. Uses host address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.
13. Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IP6.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv6 addresses to host names.
14. Must support a 1280-byte packet size (without fragmentation).

Digital Vs Analog ( Advantages & Disadvantages )

Definition of Digital
A method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 and 1.

Advantages of Digital -

• Less expensive
• More reliable
• Easy to manipulate
• Flexible
• Compatibility with other digital systems
• Only digitised information can be transported through a noisy channel without degradation
• Integrated networks
  

Disadvantages of Digital -

• Sampling Error
• Digital communications require greater bandwidth than analogue to transmit the same information.
• The detection of digital signals requires the communications system to be synchronised, whereas generally speaking this is not the case with analogue systems.
  

Definition of Analogue
Analogue is a transmission standard that uses electrical impulses to emulate the audio waveform of sound. When you use a phone, the variations in your voice are transformed by a microphone into similar variations in an electrical signal and carried down the line to the exchange.

Advantages of Analogue -

• Uses less bandwidth
• More accurate

Disadvantages of Analogue -

• The effects of random noise can make signal loss and distortion impossible to recover